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- 1. Traffic Congestion
-
- If a city council faces severe problems with traffic
- congestion, a knowledge will benefit all parties. It is this I will
- debate in the lines to come.
- When traffic is a problem in a city, all sorts of means of
- transportation can be included, but it is mainly cars which seem to
- be the problem. Therefor raising gasolin prices (by putting an
- extra tax on them) should instinctively reduce car usage, seeing
- that costs for the driver would go up. This is though only the
- case, if demand for gasolin is inelastic (fig. 1). Here a tax on
- gasoling has moved the supply curve to S2 and the price to P2,
- which has lead the quantity demanded from Q to Q2. The difference
- between Q and Q2 is the essential of the diagram, and it is clear
- that there has only been a very little decrease in quantity
- demanded. On fig. 2 demand is elastic, and again a tax on gasolin
- has been introduced, moving the supply curve to S2 and incresing
- the price to P2, which then has decreased the quantity demanded to
- Q2. Here the difference on quantity is great.
- It is now easy to conclude that if demand for gasolin is
- inelastic, almost the same will be bought, and there will be hardly
- any decrease in traffic congestion. If demand is elastic, quantity
- demanded will go down and so will caruse in general leading to a
- fall in traffic congestion in the city centre.
-
- 3. Gondomar and Bayona
-
- If maximum growth rate is a desired goal, the proportion a
- country spends on consumer goods or investment is highly relevant.
- In the following I will outline the differences between the two
- countries Bayona and Gondomar.
- Gondomar has chosen to have a high proportion of its N.I.
- spend on investment. If this investment goes into factories and
- businesses, the investment could turn out to benefit Gondomar in a
- very positive way. N.I. will go up, and therefor the average GDP pr
- head will go up as well. This leads to better standard of living.
- Drawbacks which must also be kept in mind is worsening of nature,
- pollution, and other external social costs the society will have to
- live under.
- Bayonas approach is much more passive, in the sense that she
- does not strive to achieve growth in the same way as Gondomar. The
- spending on money here is mainly spend on consumption, which means
- the economy is more focused on import. If relatively is being
- produced, N.I. will go down and standards of living will go with
- it.
- Overall it is clear that a policy which focuses on investment
- rather than consumption, is more likely to benefit on long
- terms.
-
-
-
- 4. National Income
-
- Several problems occur when trying to meassure national
- income. Even if many factors have to be considered before arriving
- at a result.
- The first problem which comes to mind, when considering
- problems, is the fact that the data collected could easily be
- unexact. For example is there a very large informal sector in many
- underdevoped countries. This informal sector includes everything
- from theft to prostetution. All of this activity is very difficult
- to anthing but an estimate of. The informal sector does not include
- farmers providing for themselves, but this is also unrecorded, and
- should not be left out, when calculating N.I. Meassuring bread
- which is sold, is realtively easy, while services and certain
- commodities, usually within the public sector, do not have a price.
- Here productivity will tend more to an estimate, than an excact
- value, when adding this number up to N.I.
- Finnally when the N.I. has been added up, there is a final problem.
- N.I. is usually only helpful when used to compare with other
- countries economy, and therefor the various N.I.'s have to be
- exchanged on paper to a common currency (usually the dollar) for
- better comparison. Here the value of N.I. will natuurally vary
- according to the exchange rate, and not the productivity.
- Concludingly, it should be stated that all of the above
- vritirias should be met when calculating N.I. if a correct figure
- is desired.
-